Laravel 7 Tag

What’s new in Laravel 7

On release of Laravel 7, in our previous post we covered some of the fantastic features such as Laravel Airlock, Custom Eloquent Casts and few more. This post covers the rest of them.

Multiple Mail Drivers

Laravel 7 allows the configuration of multiple “mailers” for a single application. Each mailer configured within the mail configuration file may have its own options and even its own unique “transport”, allowing your application to use different email services to send certain email messages. For example, your application might use Postmark to send transactional mail while using Amazon SES to send bulk mail.

Mail::mailer('postmark')
        ->to($request->user())
        ->send(new OrderShipped($order));

By default, Laravel will use the mailer configured as the default mailer in your mail configuration file. However, you may use the mailer method to send a message using a specific mailer configuration:

Route Caching Speed Improvements

Laravel 7 includes a new method of matching compiled, cached routes that have been cached using the route:cache Artisan command. On large applications (for example, applications with 800 or more routes), these improvements can result in a 2x speed improvement in requests per second on a simple “Hello World” benchmark. No changes to your application are required.

CORS Support

Laravel 7 includes first-party support for configuring Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) OPTIONS request responses by integrating the popular Laravel CORS package written by Barry vd. Heuvel. A new cors configuration is included in the default Laravel application skeleton.

Query Time Casts

Sometimes you may need to apply casts while executing a query, such as when selecting a raw value from a table. For example, consider the following query:

use App\Post;
use App\User;

$users = User::select([
    'users.*',
    'last_posted_at' => Post::selectRaw('MAX(created_at)')
            ->whereColumn('user_id', 'users.id')
])->get();

The last_posted_at attribute on the results of this query will be a raw string. It would be convenient if we could apply a date cast to this attribute when executing the query. To accomplish this, we may use the withCasts method provided by Laravel 7:

$users = User::select([
    'users.*',
    'last_posted_at' => Post::selectRaw('MAX(created_at)')
            ->whereColumn('user_id', 'users.id')
])->withCasts([
    'last_posted_at' => 'date'
])->get();

MySQL 8+ Database Queue Improvements

In previous releases of Laravel, the database queue was not considered robust enough for production usage, due to deadlocks. However, Laravel 7 provides improvements to applications using MySQL 8+ as their database backed queue. By using the FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED clause and other SQL enhancements, the database driver may now safely be used in higher volume production applications.

Artisan test Command

The test command was contributed by Nuno Maduro.

In addition to the phpunit command, you may now use the test Artisan command to run your tests. The Artisan test runner provides beautiful console UX and more information regarding the test that is currently running. In addition, the runner will automatically stop on the first test failure:

php artisan test

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Any arguments that can be passed to the phpunit command may also be passed to the Artisan test command:

php artisan test --group=feature

Markdown Mail Template Improvements

The default Markdown mail template has received a fresh, more modern design based on the Tailwind CSS color palette. Of course, this template can be published and customized according to your application’s needs:

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Stub Customization

The Artisan console’s make commands are used to create a variety of classes, such as controllers, jobs, migrations, and tests. These classes are generated using “stub” files that are populated with values based on your input. However, you may sometimes wish to make small changes to files generated by Artisan. To accomplish this, Laravel 7 provides the stub:publish command to publish the most common stubs for customization:

php artisan stub:publish

The published stubs will be located within a stubs directory in the root of your application. Any changes you make to these stubs will be reflected when you generate their corresponding classes using Artisan make commands.

Queue maxExceptions Configuration

Sometimes you may wish to specify that a job may be attempted many times, but should fail if the retries are triggered by a given number of exceptions. In Laravel 7, you may define a maxExceptions property on your job class:

<?php

namespace App\Jobs;

class ProcessPodcast implements ShouldQueue
{
    /**
     * The number of times the job may be attempted.
     *
     * @var int
     */
    public $tries = 25;

    /**
     * The maximum number of exceptions to allow before failing.
     *
     * @var int
     */
    public $maxExceptions = 3;

    /**
     * Execute the job.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function handle()
    {
        Redis::throttle('key')->allow(10)->every(60)->then(function () {
            // Lock obtained, process the podcast...
        }, function () {
            // Unable to obtain lock...
            return $this->release(10);
        });
    }
}

In this example, the job is released for ten seconds if the application is unable to obtain a Redis lock and will continue to be retried up to 25 times. However, the job will fail if three unhandled exceptions are thrown by the job.

Laravel 7 is just released!

Laravel 7 continues the improvements made in Laravel 6.x by introducing Laravel Airlock, routing speed improvements, custom Eloquent casts, Blade component tags, fluent string operations, a developer focused HTTP client, first-party CORS support, improved scoping for route model binding, stub customization, database queue improvements, multiple mail drivers, query-time casts, a new artisan test command, and a variety of other bug fixes and usability improvements.

Laravel Airlock

Laravel Airlock provides a featherweight authentication system for SPAs (single page applications), mobile applications, and simple, token based APIs. Airlock allows each user of your application to generate multiple API tokens for their account. These tokens may be granted abilities / scopes which specify which actions the tokens are allowed to perform.

Custom Eloquent Casts

Laravel has a variety of built-in, helpful cast types; however, you may occasionally need to define your own cast types. You may now accomplish this by defining a class that implements the CastsAttributes interface.

Classes that implement this interface must define a get and set methods. The get method is responsible for transforming a raw value from the database into a cast value, while the set method should transform a cast value into a raw value that can be stored in the database. As an example, we will re-implement the built-in json cast type as a custom cast type:

<?php

namespace App\Casts;

use Illuminate\Contracts\Database\Eloquent\CastsAttributes;

class Json implements CastsAttributes
{
    /**
     * Cast the given value.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model  $model
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return array
     */
    public function get($model, $key, $value, $attributes)
    {
        return json_decode($value, true);
    }

    /**
     * Prepare the given value for storage.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model  $model
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  array  $value
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return string
     */
    public function set($model, $key, $value, $attributes)
    {
        return json_encode($value);
    }
}

Once you have defined a custom cast type, you may attach it to a model attribute using its class name:

<?php

namespace App\View\Components;

use Illuminate\View\Component;

class Alert extends Component
{
    /**
     * The alert type.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    public $type;

    /**
     * Create the component instance.
     *
     * @param  string  $type
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct($type)
    {
        $this->type = $type;
    }

    /**
     * Get the class for the given alert type.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function classForType()
    {
        return $this->type == 'danger' ? 'alert-danger' : 'alert-warning';
    }

    /**
     * Get the view / contents that represent the component.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\View\View|string
     */
    public function render()
    {
        return view('components.alert');
    }
}

To learn how to write custom Eloquent casts, including custom casts that cast to value objects, please consult the Eloquent documentation.

Blade Component Tags & Improvements

Blade components have been overhauled to allow tag based rendering, attribute management, component classes, inline view components, and more. Since the overhaul of Blade components is so extensive, please consult the full Blade component documentation to learn about this feature.

In summary, a component may now have an associated class which specifies the data it accepts. All public properties and methods defined on the component class will automatically be made available to the component view. Any additional HTML attributes specified on the component may be managed using the automatically included $attribute variable, which is an attribute bag instance.

In this example, we will assume that an App\View\Components\Alert component has been defined like so:

<?php

namespace App\View\Components;

use Illuminate\View\Component;

class Alert extends Component 
{
    /**
     * The alert type.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    public $type;

    /**
     * Create the component instance.
     *
     * @param  string  $type
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct($type)
    {
        $this->type = $type;
    }

    /**
     * Get the class for the given alert type.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function classForType()
    {
        return $this->type == 'danger' ? 'alert-danger' : 'alert-warning';
    }

    /**
     * Get the view / contents that represent the component.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\View\View|string
     */
    public function render()
    {
        return view('components.alert');
    }
}

And, assuming the component’s Blade template has been defined like so:

<!-- /resources/views/components/alert.blade.php -->

<div class="alert {{ $classForType }}" {{ $attributes }}>
    {{ $heading }}

    {{ $slot }}
</div>

The component may be rendered in another Blade view using the component’s tag:

<x-alert type="error" class="mb-4">
    <x-slot name="heading">
        Alert content...
    </x-slot>

    Default slot content...
</x-alert>

As mentioned, this is just a very small sample of the functionality of the Blade component overhaul in Laravel 7 and does not demonstrate anonymous components, inline view components, and a variety of other features. Please consult the full Blade component documentation to learn about this feature.

HTTP Client

Laravel now provides an expressive, minimal API around the Guzzle HTTP client, allowing you to quickly make outgoing HTTP requests to communicate with other web applications. Laravel’s wrapper around Guzzle is focused on its most common use cases and a wonderful developer experience. For example, the client makes it a breeze to POST and interface with JSON data:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

$response = Http::withHeaders([
    'X-First' => 'foo',
    'X-Second' => 'bar'
])->post('http://test.com/users', [
    'name' => 'Taylor',
]);

return $response['id'];

In addition, the HTTP client provides fantastic, ergonomic testing functionality:

Http::fake([
    // Stub a JSON response for GitHub endpoints...
    'github.com/*' => Http::response(['foo' => 'bar'], 200, ['Headers']),

    // Stub a string response for Google endpoints...
    'google.com/*' => Http::response('Hello World', 200, ['Headers']),

    // Stub a series of responses for Facebook endpoints...
    'facebook.com/*' => Http::sequence()
                            ->push('Hello World', 200)
                            ->push(['foo' => 'bar'], 200)
                            ->pushStatus(404),
]);

Fluent String Operations

You are likely familiar with Laravel’s existing Illuminate\Support\Str class, which provides a variety of helpful string manipulation functions. Laravel 7 now offers a more object-oriented, fluent string manipulation library built on top of these functions. You may create a fluent Illuminate\Support\Stringable object using the Str::of method. A variety of methods may then be chained onto the object to manipulate the string:

return (string) Str::of('  Laravel Framework 6.x ')
                    ->trim()
                    ->replace('6.x', '7.x')
                    ->slug();

Route Model Binding Improvements

Key Customization

Sometimes you may wish to resolve Eloquent models using a column other than id. To do so, Laravel 7 allows you to specify the column in the route parameter definition:

Route::get('api/posts/{post:slug}', function (App\Post $post) {
    return $post;
});

Automatic Scoping

Sometimes, when implicitly binding multiple Eloquent models in a single route definition, you may wish to scope the second Eloquent model such that it must be a child of the first Eloquent model. For example, consider this situation that retrieves a blog post by slug for a specific user:

use App\Post;
use App\User;

Route::get('api/users/{user}/posts/{post:slug}', function (User $user, Post $post) {
    return $post;
});

When using a custom keyed implicit binding as a nested route parameter, Laravel 7 will automatically scope the query to retrieve the nested model by its parent using conventions to guess the relationship name on the parent. In this case, it will be assumed that the User model has a relationship named posts (the plural of the route parameter name) which can be used to retrieve the Post model.

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Content Source:

1. laravel.com